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Out
door | Winter 2016 71the USGBC to revise LEED and conduct
research. Third-party verification to
assure compliance on commercial and
institutional projects as of 2008 has gone
to the Green Building Certification Institute
(GBCI). Regardless of the LEED project,
all must undergo third-party verification in
order to receive LEED ratings of certified,
silver, gold and platinum.
Life cycle assessment (LCA)
A comprehensive environmental
assessment of the impact of a product
or process, from inception to the end
of its “life.”The assessment includes
transportation of raw materials to the
manufacturer, manufacturing of materials,
transportation of materials to the product
manufacturer, manufacturing of product,
transportation of product to end users,
impact of product by end user including
disposal of product at its end of life.
The assessment has been used as a
tool to evaluate a product’s or company’s
eco-performance, which in turn can be
used to improve it.
There are three different methods used
in lifecycle analysis:
1. process or bottom-up LCA using ISO
14040-2006 and 14044-2006 protocols;
2. economic input output or EIO-LCA; and
3. hybrid LCA, a combination of process
LCA with economic input output LCA.
LCAs are used as a tool to evaluate a
product or company’s eco-performance,
which in turn can be used to improve it.
Life Cycle Management (LCM)
An integrated approach to
sustainable production and consumption
through the management of a product’s
or process’ life cycle.
Life Cycle Energy
Analysis (LCEA)
The total life cycle energy input.
Criticism in utilizing LCEAs include the
argument that different energy sources
have different potential value (exergy).
Additionally, critics contend that LCEAs’
energy currency cannot supplant economic
currency as the determinant in business.
Methane
Methane is a colorless odorless gas at
room temperature and standard pressure.
It is the main component of natural gas.
One of the greenhouse gases, methane
is of interest because of its abundance
on earth and its continually growing,
climate-changing potential. Its carbon
dioxide (CO2) equivalent over a 100-
year period is 34, revised up nine units
of eq ivalence with the newly released
2013 Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change. In other words, CO2 is the
base unit of equivalence or one (for one
metric ton). So over 100 years, one ton of
methane is equal to 34 tons of CO2.
As the earth continues to heat up,
more p
ermafrost, methane clathrates
under the ocean floors and the Antarctic
Ice Sheet continue to melt, adding CO2
at an accelerating rate.
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