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Out

door | Winter 2016 71

the USGBC to revise LEED and conduct

research. Third-party verification to

assure compliance on commercial and

institutional projects as of 2008 has gone

to the Green Building Certification Institute

(GBCI). Regardless of the LEED project,

all must undergo third-party verification in

order to receive LEED ratings of certified,

silver, gold and platinum.

Life cycle assessment (LCA)

A comprehensive environmental

assessment of the impact of a product

or process, from inception to the end

of its “life.”The assessment includes

transportation of raw materials to the

manufacturer, manufacturing of materials,

transportation of materials to the product

manufacturer, manufacturing of product,

transportation of product to end users,

impact of product by end user including

disposal of product at its end of life.

The assessment has been used as a

tool to evaluate a product’s or company’s

eco-performance, which in turn can be

used to improve it.

There are three different methods used

in lifecycle analysis:

1. process or bottom-up LCA using ISO

14040-2006 and 14044-2006 protocols;

2. economic input output or EIO-LCA; and

3. hybrid LCA, a combination of process

LCA with economic input output LCA.

LCAs are used as a tool to evaluate a

product or company’s eco-performance,

which in turn can be used to improve it.

Life Cycle Management (LCM)

An integrated approach to

sustainable production and consumption

through the management of a product’s

or process’ life cycle.

Life Cycle Energy

Analysis (LCEA)

The total life cycle energy input.

Criticism in utilizing LCEAs include the

argument that different energy sources

have different potential value (exergy).

Additionally, critics contend that LCEAs’

energy currency cannot supplant economic

currency as the determinant in business.

Methane

Methane is a colorless odorless gas at

room temperature and standard pressure.

It is the main component of natural gas.

One of the greenhouse gases, methane

is of interest because of its abundance

on earth and its continually growing,

climate-changing potential. Its carbon

dioxide (CO2) equivalent over a 100-

year period is 34, revised up nine units

of eq ivalence with the newly released

2013 Fifth Assessment Report of the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change. In other words, CO2 is the

base unit of equivalence or one (for one

metric ton). So over 100 years, one ton of

methane is equal to 34 tons of CO2.

As the earth continues to heat up,

more p

ermafrost, methane clathrate

s

under the ocean floors and the Antarctic

Ice Sheet continue to melt, adding CO2

at an accelerating rate.

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