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Inside Out
Cap andTrade
See Emissions Trading.
Carbon Neutral or
Carbon Offset
To offset or neutralize net
greenhouse gas emissions.
This can be achieved by planting
trees, using renewable energy, energy
conservation and emissions trading.
Critics contend there is no definitive
evidence that carbon offsets work since
there are no models or standards that
clearly demonstrate the equilibrium.
(Carbon) Sequestration
See Uptake
CERES (Coalition for
Environmentally Respon-
sible Economies)
CERES is a non-profit 501(c)(3) group
of investors, corporations and public
interest groups using sustainable pros-
perity as a byline to describe its work to
promote change through capital markets.
Its mission is “Mobilizing investor and
business leadership to build a thriving,
sustainable global economy.” Among
coalition group members are, the AFL-
CIO, CalPERS (California Public Employ-
ees’ Retirement System), Earth Island
Institute, Friends of the Earth, Natural Re-
sources Defense Council, Rocky Moun-
tain Institute (RMI), the Sierra Club, the
Union of Concerned Scientists, Walden
Asset Management, World Resources In-
stitute (WRI) and theWorldWildlife Fund
(WWF).
Compostable
The biodegradability of an organic
material, mostly to biomass, water
and carbon dioxide. Compostable
environments include industrial
settings and common garden or open
space locations. All standards agree
on a six-month period for the organic
matter to degrade. Most standards
support these tests:
• Does it biodegrade to carbon dioxide,
water, biomass at
the rate paper biodegrades?
• Does the material disintegrate leaving
no distinguishable
or visible residue?
• Are there any eco-toxic materials left,
and can the
remaining biomass support plant
growth?
American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM)
D6400-99 says to be considered
compostable, materials must undergo
degradation by biological processes
during composting to yield carbon dioxide
(CO2), water, inorganic compounds and
biomass at a rate consistent with other
compostable materials, leaving no visible,
distinguishable or toxic residue.
The EN (European Committee for
Standar
de Normalisation) standard is even
more specific. EN13432 states that a
material is deemed compostable if it will
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